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Essay on Shakespeare A Master of Tragedy, As Seen in...

Some of the world’s greatest and most recognized writers were and are masters of the tragedy. Though everybody enjoys a nice tragedy in a book or play once and again. One overwhelming in deaths and disasters would defiantly be a turnoff to many. However, a classic trait for many Shakespearian pieces would be rather high in these. One perfect example being his infamous play Julius Caesar. Jealousy, power and war, all of which being huge bullets in the plot of the play. What to say it’s main scheme of it would have to be the conspiracy to murder the Caesar, and the conspirators that helped complete this bloody task. To do so, there were many events that led up to it, thus including the subplot. What this would’ve been most likely was†¦show more content†¦Out of the many tragedies in this play, there are two major ones: these of Gaeus Julius and Brutus. Its my personal belief that Brutus s[change to last name] is greater however, for, Julius honestly had his murder coming to him and due to his own ignorance and huge ego, he had no idea. Brutus however, was really just not able to focus on the things around him or show any emotion whatsoever, which in turn did loose his wife’s life and cause him to end his own. You really can’t help the wy you are, in many respects, but complete selfishness and being overly egotistical really can be avoided if you were to ask my opinion. Don’t take this the wrong way though, for both conflicts are rather horrid either way. Everybody and every thing has some motive as to why it happens or does what it does. In this case however, there were a group of conspirators plotting the murder of Julius Caesar; the two most important however were Marcus Brutus and Caius Cassius. Their reasons for the murder of Caesar were rather different, yet vaguely similar. Their means of similarity would include that neither one of the two liked Julius’s huge ego and â€Å"everybody loves me† attitude. Rightfully, that is. Also, since they both know he truly does want the crown, though they would too if in his position, couldn’t stand him. These aims also had many, many differences. For example, Cassius’s main reason was that he was a high supporter ofShow MoreRelatedShakespearean Comedy Vs. Tragedy1777 Words   |  8 PagesShakespearean Comedy vs. Tragedy Some people tend to think that William Shakespeare was some famous writer that was only capable of spitting out sad love stories. This is widely disproved through the reading of multiple Shakespearean works. During his life, Shakespeare used a plethora of writing formulas and plot outlines to produce many works of literature of many genres, such as A Midsummer Night’s Dream, a popular comedy, and The Tragedy of Julius Caesar, one of his most famous tragedies, as opposed toRead MoreJulius Caesar : A Tragic Hero863 Words   |  4 PagesJulius Caesar is a well known piece of literature written by William Shakespeare in 1599. Within this play Julius Caesar is portrayed as a tragic hero. A tragic hero is defined as â€Å"the main character of a tragedy (who is) usually dignified, courageous, and high ranking† (Novel Study Guide). Also vital to defining a tragic hero is that, â€Å"the hero’s downfall is caused by a tragic flaw† (Novel Study Guide). 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It may seem that he was very uneasy about the plan that, but that is what he wanted people such as Casca, Cassius, TreboniusRead MoreThe Theme of Julius Caesar Essay2961 Words   |  12 PagesThe Theme of Julius Caesar How suitably is the theme of the supernatural depicted in the play ‘Julius Caesar’? William Shakespeare was one of the most influential playwrights, is known today for his plays such as Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, A Midsummer Nights Dream and many other interesting and different plays. We in the 21st century enjoy Shakespeare’s plays for a variety of reasons. His plays have different themes like love, ambition, pride, friendship, supernaturalRead MoreRoman Republic And The Instigation Of The Roman Empire1753 Words   |  8 PagesBorn in 100 BC by most accounts, Julius Caesar was a key figure in the Roman Republic and the instigation of the Roman Empire. By this time, Rome was the largest city in the world, with almost half a million citizens residing in its walls (Goldsworthy 19). Caesar’s birth was claimed to be a Caesarian section, a birth considered to be a bad omen in Ancient Rome. He was the only son in his family, which gave him the responsibility of carrying out the family line, raising a new and more powerful generationRead More Essay on Relationships in Antony and Cleopatra1233 Words   |  5 PagesJuliets relationship was sweet and beyond life. Cleopatra and Antonys relationship is a very worldly one (we do not even know if Cleopatra applied the asp because she wanted to be with Antony in death or if she simply could not stand being left with Caesar in life). G.W. Knight of the Aesthetic school of critics says of Cleopatra that she is a metaphysical, not moral, good--a good of totality. She is good in the same large way one might say life is good, or the universe is good, not because itRead MoreMadness versus Reality in Hamlet1550 Words   |  6 PagesRunning Head: Hamlet Madness Versus Reality A tragic story motivated by revenge leads to a tragic end with avengers hunger for revenge results in death of the murderer and most often demise of the avenger himself. Revenge tragedies share within themselves some common aspects; sub plots, madness, passion, one or more violent scenes and a main character filled with hate for a significant opponent usually due to a crime committed against the avenger or the main character. Since authorities of theRead More Cleopatra as a Historical Figure Essay2549 Words   |  11 PagesElizabethan divine rule further and claimed that they were the actual earthly personification of various Gods. Elizabethan audiences would be aware of this comparison, when we see in Antony and Cleopatra several references to the Goddess Isis. When Caesar Octavius is speaking, with disgust, of Antony and Cleopatra dividing up the Eastern lands, an event of royal significance, we hear that Cleopatra â€Å"In th’habiliments of the goddess Isis / That day appeared, and oft before gave audience, / As ‘tis reported

Bounded Rationality in Education Free Essays

I am inspired most by the cognitive bias and the risk control of the decision- making while learning this course. Having been engaged in the financial industry for years, I am deeply aware of the fact that most individual investors tend to perform those bounded rationalities for characteristics of decision-making while making investment, but I can’t find out the reason for their existence. After learning this course, however, I feel suddenly enlightened. We will write a custom essay sample on Bounded Rationality in Education or any similar topic only for you Order Now The phenomenon that has bothered me so long is caused under the influence of the cognitive bias and emotion which will affect the risk assessment and judgment made to the investment object. In western countries, most families make investment mainly in dominant financial assets including stock, bond, real estate and insurance and have strong awareness of the risk averse in above fields. Meanwhile, there’re many organizations and books about the decision-making that are referred to by the individual investor. In Chinese families, in addition to the above investment of the financial assets, the investment of the family education, as a special form which involves all Chinese people, takes a large proportion. This is because a long-term funding is made by parents ever since their kids are born as a result of the non-free education in China. Never let children lose at the starting line† and â€Å"education is the largest investment† are two popular education ideas in our country, which comprehensively inflect the current situation of Chinese families’ investment to the children education. As parents put the entire earning into their kids, a good return is surely expected. But since income is companied with risk, Chinese education investment, therefore, belongs to the risk investment and, meanwhile, has the specific characteristic that is not co vered in western theory. The invest object in this essay is mainly about the education domain in China, I think it’s also necessary to apply the theory of this course to avoiding the influence of the cognitive bias as well as the mental trap and the irrationality in the education investment. By introducing the behavioral motive of the education investors, I intend to master its pattern and make judgment of the irrational behavior, which, I believe, will help protect the interest of the family investor. Finding The misunderstanding of the family education investment in China is generated mainly because investors, i. e. parents, make blind investment without thinking about their economic conditions, the investment risk as well as the personalized growth of their children. In traditional Chinese culture, parents’ education investment to their children is unconditional and selfless, which lead to a lack of scientific and rational planning as well as decision in the education investment in many families and, meanwhile, cause some misunderstandings. The â€Å"following blindly† phenomenon of purely pursuing high and abroad education is becoming more and more violent. Considering the cognitive bias of investors, the education investment with high expectation and input, instead of bringing expected return to the family members, leads to extra economic burden and, at the same time, might influence the development of the educatees’ career in the future. As attention has been paid to the generation of the misunderstanding of the education investment behavior, many scholars make analysis in terms of the government policies, the social environment, the high education and other macro level. Through learning the course, I, on the other hand, would like to say that the education investment is mainly from the cognitive bias while investors make their decision. The cognitive bias includes all kinds of decision-making bias caused by the restraint of investors’ cognitive psychology and external environment. The cognitive bias of the decision-making of the family education investment is generated under the influence of the external environment and socio-cultural background with the asymmetric information as well as the cognitive level and personal preference of investors, which causes the lean on Heuristic. Bazerman argued that the misapplication of heuristics to inappropriate situations leads people astray. It’s difficult to calculate the specific input and output of the family education investment in a quantitative way, resulting in the ambiguity of the assessment of the effect of the education investment. As there’re a large number of variables of the non-monetary cost-benefit in the education investment, our estimation has to be adopted to judge the cognitive part SYSTEM 1. Analysis Despite the difference in the investment object between the education and the traditional investment, the behavior of the education investment of a family which is as a micro investor, is subject to the risk of the expected return of the investment, the risk as well as the influence of other corresponding factors, which has common character with the investment behavior in the decision-making. The science of behavior and decision-making, as a course between the marginality of the psychology and the economics, tries to involve the behavior of the irrational complex investors into the standard theory of the decision-making by making amendment to the assumption of the traditional management theory according to the research findings in the psychology. In our study, we find the decision-making theory laying more emphasis on people’s â€Å"bounded rationality†. It explains the investor behavior and makes it more close to reality based on the theories of the cognitive psychology and the behavioral science as well as related principles of the economics. Under the condition of uncertainty, some cognitive factors will influence people to make their decision. The most common way is to make decision by adopting â€Å"the elicitation method† by investors. It’s not easy to make a rational investment while facing the risk mainly because it can’t avoid the heuristic bias in the decision of the family education investment. The effect of the demonstration by example of the education investment income and the representativeness heuristic. Family investors usually care too much about the prominent, specific and typical information while neglecting the abstract and complex data. Therefore, parents often take typical cases learned through media as the foundation and reference for the decision-making, which might be influenced by the â€Å"representativeness heuristic bias†. For example, some families help their children study abroad considering the successful cases they know, though overseas study might not fit them at all. It is believed that people can find familiar modes to make judgment by assuming that the circumstance in the future is similar to that in the past without thinking about the reason of how those modes happen or the repeat probability of those modes. Decisions and judgments made under the condition of uncertainty are not accurately calculated and analyzed by using the probability theory in the assumption of the â€Å"Rational Man†. It is firmly convinced by investors with â€Å"representativeness bias† in the stock market that a â€Å"good company† can surely produce â€Å"good stock†, similarly some parents will believe that a â€Å"good school† can foster â€Å"good students†, which typically embodies the representativeness bias. The limitation of searching information by investors and the availability heuristic. Regarding the availability heuristic, some people think that it is generated due to the overwhelming memory and search bias, that is to say, not all information will be searched unbiasedly while related information is searched in memory. Decision makers of families tend to use information that is easy to access, so the limitation in searching information is inevitable since people can’t have a comprehensive knowledge about the professional quality of education providers, the demand for the education products in future market as well as the state of educatee’s endeavor and intelligence. We can say that the characteristics of the information insufficiency and asymmetry really stand out. Besides, there’s a distinct asymmetry in the cost and benefit of the education investment caused by the hysteretic nature of the decision-making effectiveness of the education investment. The decision-making of the education investment, built based on the future expectation, is a subjective expected value by people. Information that is searched from memory in the first place will become the major foundation for people to make judgment and decision as this information has advantage in the stimulus frequency, novelty and vitality. For example, high education means high income. Studying at college is, on a whole, positively correlated to the income obtained by children in the future. Parents tend to compare their children with the group of the same age in the education level, usually with those accessible ones such as relatives, colleagues or those reported in news media. Compared with the complicated and boring calculation and prediction as well as the omnibearing information search that waste time and energy, people would rather picking common reference object as the decision foundation. Though it can simplify the process of decision-making and reduce its difficulty, the availability information has strong one-sidedness and bias can be seen in the behavior that the decision-makers pick the information itself. We can see from the above that the â€Å"availability bias† is a key factor not to be neglected in the misunderstanding of the family education investment. The competitive psychology and anchoring effect of the education investment. We often develop estimates by starting with an initial anchor that is based on whatever information is provided and adjust from the anchor to yield a final answer (Epley, 2004; Epley Gilovich, 2001). Mussweiler and Strack (1999) showed that the existence of an anchor leads people to think of information that is consistent with that anchor. The competition in the education investment shows parents’ expectation for their children while the competitive psychology can influence decision-makers’ normal investment behavior owing to the negative effect caused by the anchoring effect. Decision-makers, for lack of the quantitative analysis, usually refer to the obscure reference foundation obtained from former experience and make comparison as well as judgment of the input and income from one or several points of view, which will become the key point in the decision-making of the education investment. The competitive psychology is necessary for the achievement of higher value in one’s life. Many families, however, ignoring the specific circumstance of educatees, take the education investment as an unrealistic comparison caused by the anchoring effect which influences the investors to rationally adjust the â€Å"anchored† object. The family decision-makers will decide the investment direction and level according to the â€Å"anchored† assessment result by choosing external reference objects which distract their normal decision-making. Therefore, an irrational conclusion is generated. The bias produced by the education investment object can direct influence the decision of the investee. That is to say, the cognitive bias of the decision of obtaining employment appears among graduates, which consequently lead to the output of the education investment that is less than the expected return. Firstly, We can see the bounded rationality of the graduate employment from their overconfidence. The overconfidence might be the most stable psychological feature of human being since it is indicated in many evidences that people tend to be overconfident for the estimation of the occurrence probability of uncertain events while making decision. Thus bolstered by the availability of supportive evidence, we overestimated the accuracy of our knowledge and the truth of our tentative hypotheses (Koriat, Lichtenstein, Fischhoff,1980) This feature, however, can lead to an overestimation of their knowledge and ability, an underestimation of the existing risk as well as the exaggeration of their control ability of events and, what’s worse, the decision bias. Besides, the â€Å"Sheep-Flock Effect† that are based on information, reputation and reward can be found among graduates as a result of the herd mentality, which might influence graduates’ decision-making of obtaining employment as well. Second is the self-control bias. The so-called self-control means the control of emotion. Without the self-control, no rational decision can be made and, meanwhile, individuals tend to attribute success to themselves while failure to others or objective conditions. In obtaining employment, the failure is usually attributed to non-self factors such as the recruitment policy of enterprises or the stronger backstage of others instead of to students themselves or to the fact of whether they fit such enterprise culture and work environment. With such bias, students, even though be hired by certain enterprise, will finally be eliminated due to their weak adaptation. Solutions Owing to the feature of the family education investment, the investor is not exactly the beneficiary. The beneficiary of parents’ education investment is their children while its decision-makers are parents, so the quality and cognitive level of parents have an important influence to the investment behavior. With the strategies of our literature (Bazerman, Chapter 11), I supposed to provide three of them to solve our problem and increase the effectiveness of investor’s decision-making processes. In our case, parents should firstly DEBIAS JUDGEMENT to unfreeze their basic knowledge and psychology about the education investment and, by making analysis of typical cases, be guided to know the source and harm of various blind education investment as well as to think about the decision process and behavioral characteristic of themselves so as to avoid the herd mentality. The second solution should be provide to those administration department of the public. They should strengthen the informatization construction, lay stress on the policy advocacy and the public opinion’s influence to the family education investment as well as construct the â€Å"rational† environment of the education investment. Provided investors have enough accurate information, it will help avoid the generation of the bias and reduce the frequency of bias behavior. Meanwhile, the public opinion department should increase the information channels as well as the number of information issued and its promptness and accuracy so that media can correct the bias of investors’ behavior. Finally, Using expertise or taking a outsider’s view can be a good choice for our investors. The planning and consulting industry of personal career and special agency of the family financial management should be rapidly developed to make up the lack of the cognition of investors. Owing to the long period length and the irreversibility of the education investment, family decision-makers have no chance to learn and improve their behavior one more time. In that case, a special agency should be adopted to guide decision-makers to be more rational by making analysis of their psychology. As the decision-making of the family education investment is traditionally seen as a family issue that can only be decided by family members, a special agency is needed to make planning and guidance of the behavior with strong sense of subjectivity and irrationality. In some developed countries, the career planning companies as well as the assessment and testing agencies for the personality development of students are set up to make up the limitation of decision-makers’ cognition about the educated. There are a large number of institutional investors in the financial field which grasp detailed and accurate information as well as solid professional theoretical knowledge since they are professional investment organizations operated by technical investment staff with rich experience, so they usually can secure their ends in the market by their advantages compared to those medium and small investors. The latter has more â€Å"irrational† factors than institutional investors. Every individual decision of the family education investment is like the â€Å"private investor† in the stock market while enquiry agencies equipped with professionals and technical evaluation software are like the â€Å"institutional investor† which can make put forward the advice of the rational education investment as well as the prediction of the future return on the basis of fully respecting the individualization growth of students through the scientific analysis made by professionals and the systematic evaluation with the help of professional software, in which way the misunderstanding of the behavior can be effectively avoided. Conclusion In this essay, we have introduced the investment of the education in China, as a special investing form which involves all Chinese people, belongs to the risk investment and, meanwhile, has the specific characteristic that is not covered in western culture. Since it’s difficult to calculate the specific input and output of the family education investment in a quantitative way, I depicted five typical cognitive biases to evaluate the misunderstanding in our investment. The first three biases the representativeness heuristic, availability heuristic and anchoring belong to the investor. But the bias above produced by the education investors can direct influence the decision of the investee. The overconfidence and self-control bias become the main biases of the students when they graduated from school. With such biases, the utilities of the output always take disappointment. Owing to the biases, I also provide some strategies of our literature to solve our investing problem and increase the effectiveness of investor’s decision-making processes. By using expertise or taking a outsider’s view and debias judgment, investors are able to unfreeze their mindset and provide their children a better decision in education. References: [1] Max H. Bazerman Don A. Moore, 2009, Judgment In Managerial Decision Making, 7th Edition. [2] Tim Dalgleish Mick J. Power, 2000, Handbook of Cognition and Emotion, WILEY [3] Tversky A, Kahneman D. , 1974, Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Science. [4] Tversky A, Kahneman D. , 1972, Subjective probability: A judgment of representativeness. Cognitive psychology. [5] Shleifer, A. , 2000, Inefficient Markets: An Introduction to Behavioral Finance. Oxford: Oxford University Press. How to cite Bounded Rationality in Education, Papers

Case Study Paying Bribes Do Small Suppliers Have Choice

Question: Discuss about the Case Study Paying Bribes for Small Suppliers Have Choice. Answer: Individual Analysis Bribe entails taking or getting something valuable like money in order to get someone to do something. There has been an increased case of bribe especially to many organizations today. In the case study presented it highlights on the bribery cases especially to people working in private sector organization (Abbink, 2004). The concept of bribery in the organization was thought to only come from public organization, but this has cropped to the private organization as well. In this Case Study, the protagonist as Deepak is upright and does not agree with the aspect of bribe, organization should practice fairly, and honestly since, it is the most ethical thing to do (Ahmed, Chung Eichenseher, 2003). One of the identified roles in the play that can be identified is that of the main protagonist Deepak who is the sales manager. Deepak comes from a family of business people. His father ran a partnership with three of his friends. The individual joined his family business in mind 2008 and ass igned on the role of the sales manager, during the period there was recession in the country (Carrigan, Attalla, 2001). The role-play of this individual comes on the scene when he had received a call from the purchasing manager of a small company that wanted the t-shirt made for the workers and the order was valued at around Rs. 2,000,000 (Carroll Shabana, 2010). What should you say to whom, when and how? The conversation of Deepak and purchasing manager happen on the telephone. Deepak gets a call from the purchases manager, who places an order for t-shirt for the worker in his company. Deepak tells him he will draft a tender and present the deal for the t-shirt. He becomes so excited since the company have gotten a contract, and begin the process of making a tender. The next day he present their tender to that company and awaits whose tender would be accepted since there were other 4 companies applying for the same. The purchases manager explain that they are thinking considering his contract and that he wants ten percent as commission if the contract his awarded. A heated conversation briefly happens before the two and Deepak seek sometime to think about it. What are the main arguments you are trying to counter? What are the reasons and rationalizations you need to address? The primary contentions on this case are the situation of pay off. Deepak is shocked to see people utilized in the private part transparently requesting an influence (Jonson, McGuire and Cooper, 2016). This happened when the purchases manager requested a ten rate as commission from the organization to get delicate. Remuneration in the delicate has showed in various courses like for this situation. Different ways might be from impact, irreconcilable circumstance and the exchanging of impact (Kinderman, 2016). These perspectives have kept on showing in the acquirement cycle and need arises to deliver on such issues in order to have transparency, validity and business respectability (Kpers, 2016). What is at stake for the key parties (including those who disagree with you)? Various entities are at stake in this situation, the business and the partners. On the business the image be may in jeopardy especially when other competitor know the kind of business the company is doing (Parris, Dapko, Arnold Arnold, 2016). There should be fair trade aspects and each party should compete fairly without favor from another entity. The partners may lose if they did not take this deal. The company is lavishing to survive in business due to recession that had hit the country forcing many businesses to take little order from the company. They need to solve the cash flow problem (Islam, Dissanayake, Dellaportas Haque, 2016). 3. What levers or arguments could you use to influence those with whom you disagree? The leverage I would have on the purchasing manager is to tell him would report the matter to the seniors in their company because he is tarnishing their image. He is undertaking a business risk and does not promote transparency at the company he works at (Peri , Marki  Peri , 2016). What is the most powerful and persuasive response to the reasons and rationalizations you need to address? To whom should the arguments be made? When and in what context? The issues that need to be addressed are the bribery case of the purchasing manager in the process of procurement cycle. The individual does not follow the code of ethics that guide on how the tenders are located (Rose-Ackerman, 2013). Bribery is one of misconduct in the case of procurement. There is need to address this issue especially to the management of my company and that of the ones that are seeking orders. There should be free fair trade in all activities a company undertakes and ethical aspect should be observed (Resick, Hanges, Dickson Mitchelson, 2006). Individual Analysis On this case study it highlights on how there are bribery cases even in the private sector. Previously it was thought that these things occur with the government official but it seemed it was not true. Bribery is in all the level and industry irrespective of the sector. Further, it highlights how a certain company struggles during a recession times to keep the business a float (Rose Peiffer, 2016). All the partners and determined to do what it takes to get new order for the business and enable it to continue in the operation. What should you say to whom, when and how? The role that have identified is that of Mr. Ashish. He is one of the partner in the company. On the script, there is a conversation that happens between him and Deepak when he wanted to seek advice in regards to a client who wanted a bribe so that he can reward the contract to the company. In this scene for the script happens a conversation of Mr. Ashish who is the uncle of Deepak and one of the partners of the company. This individual has handled similar cases in regards to obtaining new orders for the business. Seek approval of the other partners. What are the main arguments you are trying to counter? What are the reasons and rationalizations you need to address? The main arguments of on this are to expound on the need to practice good ethical behavior. It should be part of the culture in the business (Rose Peiffer, 2016). In the case, it clearly shows an argument occurring between Deepak and his uncle on the issue of bribe. This issue is unethical to the business and it should be clearly be explained at length on the dangers it possess to the business such as loss of confidence by the customer and it might motivate them to turn to the competitor for the same services you offered before thus, loss in the business opportunities (Svensson, 2002). What is at stake for the key parties (including those who disagree with you)? The issue at stake is the loss of business opportunities for the partners and the tarnish of the image of the organization. The organization if they do not give a commission the purchase manager is asking for, they will lose the contract to the competitors, which would not be good to the business. On the other hand, if they take give the bribe in the end the image of the company would be ruined especially if the press unmasked them, no organization will be willing to work with them (Uusitalo Oksanen, 2004). What levers or arguments could you use to influence those with whom you disagree? The main argument to employ here is to use case examples of the various companies, which had suffered if they adopted the option they were opting to take of offering bribe. I would also use the approach of looking for other alternative to leverage on the business by seeking transparent contract rather than short cut ways to be awarded the contract (Williams, Martinez-Perez Kedir, 2016). Nonetheless, there is need to address the issues associated with the unethical practices which are regarded with the highest impunity level as barbaric. 4. What is the most powerful and persuasive response to the reasons and rationalizations you need to address? To whom should the arguments be made? When and in what context? There are ramifications of engaging in unethical behavior, which the partners want to undertake. One of the effects of the poor ethical and moral practices in the business is lack of confidence and trust in the business. There is need for a company to maintain trust with the clients in order to maintain a profitability streak over a longtime (Zadek, 2006). A loss in the trust can reduce on the customers confident and motivate them to turn to the competitors, which will not be a good move for the company. This argument should be made to Mr. Ashish when he was asking that the offering bribe was not a new thing in the business, and Deepak should be the one to explain on the aspect in details of the effects of unethical business practices. Individual Analysis On the case study, it highlights on the issues of bribery that is seen in the private organization. It had been thought that it is only government officials who are corrupt; Deepak has proved this is not true. The case highlights on the challenges this individual faces especially when he has to convince the partners that they should not condone on corruption but rather enumerate on the best ethical practices in the business (Zadek, 2006). On this case, one of the highlighted role is that of the purchasing manager. This individual has undertaken bribes from various companies in order to give them contract on a given tender. On the script below highlights, the conversation he has had with Deepak and his requirement conditions to award the contract. What should you say to whom, when and how? The script is a telephone conversation, where we have on one end the purchase manager of a small company seeking an order of t-shirt from Deepak Company. On the conversation the purchases manager tries to convince Deepak that he wants the ten percent as commission to award the contract. What are the main arguments you are trying to counter? What are the reasons and rationalizations you need to address? The main argument for the counter are issues to do with offering of bribe to get a tender for new order from the purchases manager (Rose-Ackerman, 2013). This issues need to be addressed since it has become one of the causes of business failure today. In addition, this concept has affected many organizations irrespective being in a particular sector. Tackling bribery issue should be addressed since it is not a business ethical practice, and should be avoided on the highest priority (Svensson, 2002). What is at stake for the key parties (including those who disagree with you)? Loss of business opportunity and a job for the stake parties. The purchase manager is at a risk of losing his job if Deepak reported him on the allegation of corruption. On the other hand, Deepak Company is at the stake of losing the tender if they do not give a commission to the purchase manager. What levers or arguments could you use to influence those with whom you disagree? The purchase manager may seek to lever with Deepak to see his point of view on this opportunity if he let it slip away (Svensson, 2002). He may try to convenience him that it is a win-win situation for both parties. Nobody has to know of the business arrangement they will undertake. What is the most powerful and persuasive response to the reasons and rationalizations you need to address? To whom should the arguments be made? When and in what context? There is need to address the ethical concern within an organization towards the decision-making. Bribery issue is affecting the well-being of many businesses today and it is repulsive and recurrent at every aspect (Beschorner, 2006). The decision of the organization to behave ethically is a moral one, and the employees should decide on what they think is the right course of action. It thus, may involve rejecting on the route that would lead to the biggest short-term profit and project on the long-term benefit to the organization (Hammersley Atkinson, 2007). Individual Analysis On this case study, it highlights on the issue of bribery activities in the business environment. This issues have been previously been seen only through government officials and seeing it to the private sector shows clearly that it is an adamant issue that needs to be addressed as it does not demonstrate an ethical business practice. The case unfolds of a family company in India where one individual tries to stick on his stand that in business there should be ethical behavior and that no such case as bribery should exists. There are those individuals who agree it is the norm in the business and everyone is doing it so they ought to offer bribe also to get contract. What should you say to whom, when and how? On this script, the role that have been identified is that of the partners. It highlights on the argument that exists between the four partners and Deepak. Deepak seeks to get an audience with his father who is the partner and the other three partners and try him tries to explain and convenience them that bribery is not good for the business and it will lead to great ramifications in the future if they condone it (Beschorner, 2006). The scene is set and the four partners have granted Deepak the audience to express his views on this issue. The meeting is at the office of his father. What are the main arguments you are trying to counter? What are the reasons and rationalizations you need to address? The main argument for the encounter is that the partners are taking a standpoint on the issues of running the company. Deepak seeks audience to highlights the issue of bribery and tries to convince them it is unethical for the business to engage to such a trade. The partners have been running the company and have always given bribe to get the contract. The argument is to try to rationalize on whether the issue is ethical or not. What is at stake for the key parties (including those who disagree with you)? The issue that is at stake is the loss of business for the partners. Previously when the partners had refused to offer a bribe there was did not get contract, and when they started to offer them, they got some of the contract. They do not wish to loss the contract they intend to do what it takes to get the contract. On the case of Deepak he is not, willing to offer the bribe according to him this is unethical. What levers/arguments could you use to influence those with whom you disagree? The argument to employ to influence on those that disagree is to come up with a plan of action to tackle on the issues that are raised. It is important to listening at each person point of view on the issues raised and make a unanimous decision based on the reasons provided and their rationale. What is the most powerful and persuasive response to the reasons and rationalizations you need to address? To whom should the arguments be made? When and in what context? The persuasive response on the issue of bribery would be to elaborate on the dangers it possess long run on the business on the other hand if the business does not get the contract it may likely suffer greater loss. This becomes a situation of a dilemma, the best way forward is to weigh the benefits and the loss on the business and take the best course of action. The partners need to decide what they want for the organization. Group Analysis - Scenario Title What are the main arguments you are trying to counter? That is, what are the reasons and rationalizations you need to address? The main argument to encounter and address on this case study is the issue of bribery in the organization. There is a need to address this phenomenon, since the private organization are being also affected by it (Chen, 2016). Organizations need to practice ethical business practices and avoid issues of corruption since they are likely cause adverse effect in the end. What is at stake for the key parties (including those who disagree with you)? The issue at stake for the main parties are loss of consumer confidence, loss of resources. Nonetheless, there is issue of opportunities due because of disagreement to take bribe (Ferrell Fraedrich, 2015). What levers/arguments could you use to influence those with whom you disagree? The levers to use to influence on these parties that disagree is to come up with the alternative strategy in order to get new business opportunities rather than using dubious means to get the business (Fernando, 2016). What is your most powerful and persuasive response to the reasons and rationalizations you need to address? To whom should the arguments be made? When and in what context? The issues of bribery in business leads to diverse consequences in the long run of the business. . The decision of the organization to behave ethically is a moral one, and the employees should decide on what they think is the right course of action (Crane Seitanidi, 2013). It is imperative to follow the required code of conduct for the business and avoid situations that would lead to bribery issues. Scenario Title Cast Deepak Purchase Manager Partners 1,2,3,4 Action Start Scene 1 The scene start with a phone conversation between purchase manager and Deepak. The purchasing manager makes the call to order for t-shirt for the workers and the conversation went as follows. (Deepak) phone ring.grrhgrrh. Purchasing manager: Hello is purchasing manager of a small company and wants to obtain an order of t-shirt for my workers. We are willing to settle fifty percent of advance for the order and make the payment for the rest in 30days time. Deepak: (signs of excitement...) yes I can get on the order will draft a tender for the same. Deepak knows will solve the cash flow problem of the company for the next three to four months. (He drafts the tender and provides the company). Shortly after he receives a call from the purchasing manager and after a lengthened discussion, the manager expounds on the topic. Purchasing manager: To bargain on your contract and if you want it to pass I need ten percent as my commission. Deepak: (Astonished. (In silence) What? . Thinking to himself is this person asking for a bribe from me. Does people employed from private sector brazenly ask for a bribe. Deepak: I will think about your offer give me some time. Purchasing manager: Okay. Scene 2 In the second scene, it is between Mr. Ashish who is uncle to Deepak and a partner in the company and had worked on getting new orders before Deepak had joined up in the company. Deepak: (calls the uncle to inquiry on the case asking for the bribe). Hello uncle? Mr. Ashish: Hello Deepak how are you how may help you. Deepak: I want to ask you something it regards a certain client. Mr. Deepak: How about it. Tell me. Deepak: There is a certain client who wants new order for the t-shirt for his worker, but the issue is he wants to get a commission to reward the contract. How should I handle this, since I think it is unethical for the business to pay bribe to get a certain favor. Mr. Ashish: (Not surprised) this is in order I do not see any problem to pay him, we have been doing this for a long time, before we missed contract to the competitors when we refused to pay. I know it seems unethical for the business, but we need the contract for keep the business afloat. Moreover, everyone is doing it, so arrange and pay him. Deepak: Surprised but uncle, as much as the business is not doing well we cannot risk the reputation of the company in the future. Tarnish the name especially if it becomes known of how we operate. Mr. Ashish: Arguing the firm would not suffer any cost since the commission is factored in the total cost of the good and factored in the price of the order. Kindly organized with him and pay commission between 3-5 percent since the survival of the business depended on the contract. Deepak: Still not convinced, as this was ethical behaviorhe decides to seek approval of the other partners. Scene 3 The scene is set on the purchasing manager and Deepak. He tries to convenience him of the deal on the tender. The conversation is below. Purchase manager: Hello, Deepak, have looked at your contract and I believe your price is reasonable I believe we can work together. Deepak: Wonderful news to hear sir how will we proceed with the work Purchase manager: we are still looking at the tender of the other clients but I think you are favorite for the contract. Deepak: wonderful news am happy to hear the news Purchase manager: there is also an issue we have to talk about, if I to award you the contract I need ten percent as a commission. Deepak: what that sound like a bribe and it is unethical business practice, you should reward the contract based on merit. Rather not on the concept of scratch my back, I scratch your Purchase manager: we do not refer it as a bribe it is a token of appreciation for the award off the contract as there are many competitors for the same contract. Deepak: let me think about your proposal will get back at you. Scene 4 The scene takes place at the office and conversation begin between the partners and Deepak. Partner 1: Thank you all for coming to this meeting, there have been concerns that have been raised by Deepak that needs to be address. He has sought an audience with us and we have obliged to take on the offer to hear what he has in mind. Partners: (they all accept the invitation and together they respond) thank you for invitation. Partner 1: Deepak its your chance to elaborate on what you wanted to talk to us, we are all ears. Deepak: Thank you all for accepting to hear from me, I know you are busy people so let me get to the point (he applaud first he need to articulate on his speech). The issue am having current is bringing new business in the company, over the last six months we have had significant drop in the sales volume, and no new client want to do business with us, due to effects of recession that has occurred. Nonetheless, one purchasing manager of a small company wanted an order of t-shirt for his employees. I drafted the tender and provided him with it to know our best offer on the deal. The contract is worthy 2,000,000 rupees and this surely will help the company for the next few months on the financial problems. The issue that is most disturbing to me he highlighted that he wanted ten percent as commission from this deal if he was to award it. To me this is bribery and it should not be condoned in any business, since it will ruin on the image of the company in the end, it will also leads to l oss of confidence, from investors and customers. Partners: Not surprised on the issue raised Partner 1: We need the contract to keep the company afloat. Partner 2: other competitors are doing the same Partner 3: this issue has affected previously, when we refused to offer bribe. Partner 4: for now we need no ethical practices as you put them, we need to keep the business running. Deepak: (Shocked) What! This is a serious issue to the company reputation; we can get new business elsewhere. Partner 1: Can you deliver on that? Deepak: Yes, I can give me some time, to work on something Partner 2: Where will you get such a client quickly and the survival of the company is at stake. Deepak: I will work with my sales team to deliver on the target. We need to change the way we are doing business and enumerate good business practices. Partner 3: How much time do you want? Deepak: Just one month, will have come with a plan of action to leverage on the company and bring good ethical business. Partner 4: let us give this new blood a chance, I think it is time we changed on the way we carry business, we do not need to risk the loss of many clients over one contract. Partners: (they all node their end with agreement) Partner 1: we will give you one month to come with a plan of action, if at that time no plan in motion; we will take the deal of purchasing manager. Deepak: Okay will do my best to deliver. The meeting was adjoined with Deepak having a task to fulfill and needs to keep his word on delivering a new client. References Abbink, K. (2004). Staff rotation as an anti-corruption policy: an experimental study. European Journal of Political Economy, 20(4), 887-906. 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